Neanderthal Mitochondrial DNA(Edit)

• Supposedly had music, art, etc.
• DNA sequence shows not-human
• x Neanderthal-time modern teeth in Asia
• x Present in current genome

Chromosomal Fusion(Edit)

• Humans, 23 pairs; Primates, 24 pairs
• ∴ fused
• Telomeres @ ends of chromosomes fuse two chromosomes together, yielding a pair of centromeres (one inactive)
• Chromosome #2 is fused 114455823 to 114455848
• Telomeric duplication
• x "Casey Luskin" rebuttal

Endogenous Retroviral DNA (E.R.V.)(Edit)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1fGkFuHIu0#t=8m
• Virus deactivated, integrated into sperm DNA (which is then passed on)
• 4% of human DNA is viral DNA (human genome = 3 billion base-pairs long)
• "Independent validation of the phylo-genetic tree of evolution"

Summation(Edit)

• Evolutionary Ecology
• Paleontology
• Comparative Anatomy,
• Comparing, e.g.,
• brains of: parrots, hummingbirds, songbirds, humans ( http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CvX_mD5weM#t=4m09s )
• Bones of human, cat, whale, horse, etc. appendages
• Subtle variations of BMP4 affect (Wait, doesn't this simply demonstrate an interesting thing about creation?)

Embryology(Edit)

• Organisms passing through stages characteristic of predecessors, e.g.:
• Humans having gill slits, tail
• Won't find non-mammalian that has nipples during development
• 'Wiki "protostome" or "cleavage embryo" and go from there.'
• Developmental Genetics
• pubmed.com - Nucleotide sequences

http://img227.imageshack.us/i/phylogenictreetf8.jpg/

• Metabolic "field guide"
• 16S typing, Jaccard's coefficient
• Mutation Studies
• Transmission Genetics,
• Population & Quantitative Genetics
• Fossil record
• Predicts that we will never find a poodle from the Permian layer
• Simpler lifeforms at lower strata, more complex at higher
• Strata vs. Relative depth (something creationists often confuse)
• Pangaea + fossil pattern
• "Will never find a complex mammal fossil on an island, because the continents broke up before mammals evolved"

• x http://creation.com/genesis-and-haeckel
• DonExodus2 replies - Basically, that Haeckel was drawing "caricatures"

Geology(Edit)

• Strata
• x Creation-Evolution "Encyclopedia" on Fossils/Strata - Sketchy, but not bad starting point (especially its 19 problems page)

Fossil Records(Edit)

DonExodus2 on Fossil Records

• There are certain characteristics which are only found in mammals, for example: Mammary glands, Hair, Warm-blooded, Nipples, Placental Young. ... Pelage, Ears, Diaphragm, ...etc. Obviously 100% taken from here.
• Same goes for reptiles, birds, etc.
• To disprove evolution: Find a mammal with feathers, or a reptile with nipples (even if just during development)
• The Beloved Phylogenetic Tree
• Identical Tree Confirmed in Fossil Record
• Osteolepiforms -> Lungfish -> Ichtyostega
• Eusthenopteron
• Fish-like, but with characteristics only in tetrapods: Internal nostrils, labyrithodont teeth, two-part cranium, intracranial joint)
• Begin to see development of distinct arm and leg bones (humerus, ulna, radius; tibia femur fibula)
• Panderichthys
• Still fish-like, but now beginning to see tetrapod head develop
• Also had pelvic girdle (instrumental in supporting the developing limbs), spiracles on top of head (breathing tubes -- allowed it to breathe while submerged in mud)
• Beloved Tiktaalik
• Fins have basic wrist bones and simple fingers, showing that they were weight-bearing
• Fish: gills, scales
• Fishapod: half-fish, half-tetrapod limb bones and joints (including functional wrist joint and radiating fish-like fins instead of toes), ear region
• Tetrapod: rib bones, mobile neck, lungs
• Says Jonathan Sarfati fails to rebut (@4m36s)
• Icthyostega
• Skeletal modifications: loss of posttemporal and supracleithral bones from pectoral girdle; enlargement of scapulocoracoid; new bones (pubis, ischia, ilia) in pelvic girdle; articulating surfaces on neural arches; rib cage and sternum
• Fish-like: lateral line system, notochord, gills, finned tail
• Temnospondyls (other fish->amphibians)
• Eryops and Cacops
• Branchiosaurus
• Anthracosaus - Ancestral line to the reptiles (includes Diadectes)
• Plus: Cheirolepis, Osteolepis, Eusthenopteron (and other rhipidistian crossopterygian fish), Icthyostega [Wait---he did elaborate on that.], Ichtyostegopsis, Pholidogaster, Pteroplax, ...
• Amphibian -> Reptiles. Need to develop: Amniotic Egg, Ability to convert ammonia -> Urea, Waterproof skin, Lungs inflated by expansion of the rib cage, Partial septum in the ventricle
• Find a single amniote without one of these to disprove evolution: Premaxilla with palatal, maxillary & nasal processes; frontal contacts orbit; various patterns of fenestration related to additional musculature for jaw from dermal skull ...etc, obviously taken from here.
• Seymouria - Classic labyrinthodont skull and teeth, with reptilian vertebrae, pelvis, humerus, and digits; amphibian-like (labeled on creationism.org as a dragon).
• Hylonomus, Limnoscelis - Slightly amphibian skull (e.g., with amphibian pineal opening), with rest of skeleton classically reptilian.
• Cotylosaurs - Gave rise to many reptile groups of tremendous variety (transitions to anapsid reptiles, euryapsid reptiles, or the lepidosaurs (turtles, plesiosaurs, lizards/snakes))
• Synapsid reptiles - Gave rise to mammals and archosaur reptiles (which gave rise to birds)
• Sophomoric taunting

Argument by Education Statistics(Edit)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CvX_mD5weM#t=9m51s (lame)

Atavisms(Edit)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K11knFKqW4s
• Mammals, birds can re-display reptile properties, but mammals-birds never cross over + predicting (e.g., never find a half-bird, half-mammal)
• tails, extra nipples

Transitional Fossils:(Edit)

• Whales/Dolphins
• "From 4-legged land mammals"
• Nostrils moving up toward top
• Inner ear transitioning from land-tuned to water-tuned
• Hind-legs/Fins devolving/evolving
• Echolocation

Stuff to Think about(Edit)

"Evolution's Hall of Shame" - Some goofy stuff, but some potent stuff.

Johnathan Safarti (part 1) - http://creation.com - Ark feasibility; natural selection = narrowing more than widening

Johnathan Safarti (part 2) - Mutations are very predominantly bad; circularity of "scientists are common-ancestor evolutionists"; various philosophical single-shot Q/A